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Vault
Data encryption

Re-wrapping data after encryption key rotation

  • 16min
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  • Vault

In addition to being able to store secrets, Vault can encrypt/decrypt data stored elsewhere. The primary use of this is to allow applications to encrypt their data while still storing it in their primary data store. Vault does not store the data.

The transit secrets engine handles cryptographic functions on data-in-transit, and often referred to as Encryption as a Service (EaaS). Both small amounts of arbitrary data, and large files such as images, can be protected with the transit engine. This EaaS function can augment or eliminate the need for Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) with databases to encrypt the contents of a bucket, volume, and disk, etc.

Encryption as a Service

Encryption Key Rotation

One of the benefits of using the Vault EaaS is its ability to rotate the encryption keys. Keys can be rotated manually by a human, or an automated process which invokes the key rotation API endpoint through cron, a CI pipeline, a periodic Nomad batch job, Kubernetes Job, etc.

The goal of this tutorial is to demonstrate an example for re-wrapping data after rotating an encryption key in the transit engine in Vault.

Personas

The end-to-end scenario described in this tutorial involves two personas:

  • security engineer with privileged permissions to manage the encryption keys
  • app with un-privileged permissions rewraps secrets via API

Challenge

Vault maintains the versioned keyring and the operator can decide the minimum version allowed for decryption operations. When data is encrypted using Vault, the resulting ciphertext is prepended with the version of the key used to encrypt it.

The following example shows data that was encrypted using the fourth version of a particular encryption key:

vault:v4:ueizdCqCJ/YhowQSvmJyucnLfIUMd4S/nLTpGTcz64HXoY69dwOrqerFzOlhqg==

For example, an organization could decide that a key should be rotated once a week, and that the minimum version allowed to decrypt records is the current version as well as the previous two versions. If the current version is five, then Vault would decrypt records that were sent to it with the following prefixes:

  • vault:v5:lkjasfdlkjafdlkjsdflajsdf==
  • vault:v4:asdfas9pirapirteradr33vvv==
  • vault:v3:ouoiujarontoiue8987sdjf^1==

In this example, what would happen if you send Vault data that was encrypted with the first or second version of the key (vault:v1:... or vault:v2:...)?

Vault would refuse to decrypt the data as the key used is less than the minimum key version allowed.

Solution

Luckily, Vault provides an easy way of re-wrapping encrypted data when a key is rotated. Using the rewrap API endpoint, a non-privileged Vault entity can send data encrypted with an older version of the key to have it re-encrypted with the latest version. The application performing the re-wrapping never interacts with the decrypted data. The process of rotating the encryption key and rewrapping records could (and should) be completely automated. Records could be updated slowly over time to lessen database load, or all at once at the time of rotation. The exact implementation will depend heavily on the needs of each particular organization or application.

Prerequisites

This lab was tested on macOS using an x86_64 based processor. If you are running macOS on an Apple silicon-based processor, use a x86_64 based Linux virtual machine in your preferred cloud provider.

Policy requirements

Each persona require a different set of capabilities. These are expressed in policies. If you are not familiar with policies, complete the policies tutorial.

The security engineer tasks require these capabilities.

# Manage the transit secrets engine
path "transit/keys/*" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list", "sudo" ]
}

# Enable the transit secrets engine
path "sys/mounts/transit" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "update" ]
}

# Write ACL policies
path "sys/policies/acl/*" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "read", "update", "delete", "list" ]
}

# Create tokens for verification & test
path "auth/token/create" {
  capabilities = [ "create", "update", "sudo" ]
}

Note

For these tasks, you can use Vault's root token. However, it is recommended that root tokens are only used for enough initial setup or in emergencies. As a best practice, use tokens with an appropriate set of policies based on your role in the organization.

The app tasks require these capabilities.

# rewrap_example.hcl
path "transit/keys/my_app_key" {
  capabilities = ["read"]
}

path "transit/rewrap/my_app_key" {
  capabilities = ["update"]
}

# This last policy is needed to seed the database as part of the example.
# It can be omitted if seeding is not required
path "transit/encrypt/my_app_key" {
  capabilities = ["update"]
}

Lab setup

Clone GitHub repository

Download the sample application code from learn-vault-eaas-transit-rewrap repository to perform the steps described in this tutorial.

  1. Clone the learn-vault-eaas-transit-rewrap repository.

    $ git clone git@github.com:hashicorp/learn-vault-eaas-transit-rewrap.git

    Or download the repository:

    Download

    This repository contains supporting content for this Vault tutorial.

  2. Go into the learn-vault-eaas-transit-rewrap directory.

    $ cd learn-vault-eaas-transit-rewrap

    Working directory

    This tutorial assumes that the remainder of commands are executed within this directory.

Start Vault

  1. In another terminal, start a Vault dev server with root as the root token.

    $ vault server -dev -dev-root-token-id root

    The Vault dev server defaults to running at 127.0.0.1:8200. The server is initialized and unsealed.

    Insecure operation

    Do not run a Vault dev server in production. This approach starts a Vault server with an in-memory database and runs in an insecure way.

  2. Switch back to the terminal you cloned the GitHub repository in. Export an environment variable for the vault CLI to address the Vault server.

    $ export VAULT_ADDR=http://127.0.0.1:8200

  3. Export an environment variable for the vault CLI to authenticate with the Vault server.

    $ export VAULT_TOKEN=root

    Note

    For these tasks, you can use Vault's root token. However, it is recommended that root tokens are only used for enough initial setup or in emergencies. As a best practice, use an authentication method or token that meets the policy requirements.

The Vault server is ready.

Start MySQL database in Docker

The application requires a MySQL database. Docker provides a MySQL server image that satisfies the application's requirements

Note

For the demonstration, a MySQL database runs locally using Docker. However, these steps would work for an existing MySQL database by supplying the proper network information to your environment.

  1. Pull a MySQL server image with docker.

    $ docker pull mysql/mysql-server:5.7

  2. Create a directory for the demo data.

    $ mkdir ~/rewrap-data

  3. Create a database named my_app that sets the root user password to root and adds a user named vault.

    $ docker run --name mysql-rewrap \
        --publish 3306:3306 \
        --volume ~/rewrap-data:/var/lib/mysql \
        --env MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root \
        --env MYSQL_ROOT_HOST=% \
        --env MYSQL_DATABASE=my_app \
        --env MYSQL_USER=vault \
        --env MYSQL_PASSWORD=vaultpw \
        --detach mysql/mysql-server:5.7

The database is available.

Enable the transit secrets engine

(Persona: security engineer)

  1. Enable the transit secrets engine.

    $ vault secrets enable transit

  2. Create an encryption key to use for transit named my_app_key.

    $ vault write -f transit/keys/my_app_key

    The transit key my_app_key is created.

Generate a new token for the sample app

(Persona: security engineer)

Before generating a token, create a limited scope policy named rewrap_example for the sample application.

Review the limited scope policy stored in rewrap_example.hcl.

$ cat rewrap_example.hcl

# rewrap_example.hcl
path "transit/keys/my_app_key" {
  capabilities = ["read"]
}

path "transit/rewrap/my_app_key" {
  capabilities = ["update"]
}

# This last policy is needed to seed the database as part of the example.
# It can be omitted if seeding is not required
path "transit/encrypt/my_app_key" {
  capabilities = ["update"]
}

  1. Create the rewrap_example policy.

    $ vault policy write rewrap_example ./rewrap_example.hcl

    The policy is created.

  2. Create a token with the rewrap_example policy.

    $ vault token create -policy=rewrap_example

Key                  Value
---                  -----
token                s.REGi86abx4psqc6OmmBw5IdT
token_accessor       nU7I3UEefRqLXAr89brO8f4M
token_duration       768h
token_renewable      true
token_policies       ["default" "rewrap_example"]
identity_policies    []
policies             ["default" "rewrap_example"]

    The output displays a token capable of using the transit key my_app_key.

  3. Create another token and store the token in the variable APP_TOKEN.

    $ APP_TOKEN=$(vault token create -format=json -policy=rewrap_example | jq -r ".auth.client_token")

  4. Display the APP_TOKEN.

    $ echo $APP_TOKEN

    The application uses this token to seed the database.

Run the sample application

(Persona: app)

The application stores data within the database. The data contains a field that require encryption. Vault provides that encryption through the transit secrets engine.

FileDescription
Program.csStarting point of this sample app (the Main() method) is in this file. It reads the environment variable values, connects to Vault and the MySQL database. If the user_data table does not exist, it creates it.
DBHelper.csDefines a method to create the user_data table if it does not exist. Finds and updates records that need to be rewrapped with the new key.
AppDb.csConnects to the MySQL database.
Record.csSample data record template.
VaultClient.csDefines methods necessary to rewrap transit data.
WebHelper.csHelper code to seed the initial table schema.
rewrap_example.csprojProject file for this sample app.

  1. Run the sample application with the Vault server address, the transit key, and the generated token.

    $ VAULT_TOKEN=$APP_TOKEN \
     VAULT_ADDR=$VAULT_ADDR \
     VAULT_TRANSIT_KEY=my_app_key \
     SHOULD_SEED_USERS=true \
     dotnet run

    Example output:

    Connecting to Vault server...
Created (if not exist) my_app DB
Create (if not exist) user_data table
Seeded the database...
Moving rewrap...
Current Key Version: 1
Found 0 records to rewrap.

    The application finishes after it generates several database entries.

  2. Connect to the database with the root credentials.

    $ docker exec -it mysql-rewrap mysql -uroot -proot

  3. Within the mysql shell, connect to the my_app table.

    $ CONNECT my_app;

  4. Within the mysql shell, display 10 rows from the user_data table where the city starts with a Vault transit key.

    $ SELECT * FROM user_data WHERE city LIKE "vault:v1%" limit 10;

+---------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| user_id | user_name       | first_name | last_name | city                                                              | state       | country       | postcode | email                                                                                 |
+---------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       1 | sadfrog482      | Bella      | Gonzalez  | vault:v1:umJ81VPMsg8vhPVeNvdr2v1AM4EBPwHauwLEHhVidH/bXFyFbA==     | Georgia     | United States | 93220    | vault:v1:cvtg4xH/rOIPO2vSFmvrxSTMAKzC1dhr6zUF/WranhlL/6qNk9ifaz6dVEc5ZKATuvC1ftSQ     |
|       2 | organictiger615 | Hugh       | Richards  | vault:v1:1Ov8PGK1itiJAdtvoV9CrYKzmwPQDFUZAyPKYG8luhxqRP/iOLKI     | Minnesota   | United States | 13652    | vault:v1:8gPJgOQB4/bq36IA6291mpG3szbNR6GxbWQylwJX8UlZXvNWr849nESyYAwBx2YtanJXFio=     |
|       3 | orangefish367   | Grace      | Stephens  | vault:v1:HMqtwuqH7LOjpBcUbn1pRC/9EYEIRQu0frUX/ROldnTK             | Alaska      | United States | 48923    | vault:v1:jYmJLyYwMeti3aqQ3+QjvJWyg5MEnlY5BV/d5gIoMf+Uj1LyKOByh+6u/4t6ybP1h2CWRZn0     |
|       4 | bluekoala754    | Stacy      | Grant     | vault:v1:IzjRTrwX8zqgCCM2ZB86/T+tI9d4A1EI4IVUH9O86D2M0PdrsC0=     | Connecticut | United States | 97712    | vault:v1:E4gBEE2jh0ohYMjZu2fCABy0IG7MB3Jr3Jm4KIU5c/hub4sALyYahIV9nAqVXFFRRw/f         |
|       5 | silverfrog747   | Salvador   | Barrett   | vault:v1:FLPCNxuJn9J5nnctKFROCwlcWaw/Yvq/y1Y5buefSytGExIglVGnMmQ= | Washington  | United States | 26448    | vault:v1:QBra8YwJ1d1Lxu9TukU8qTe9PjxEqUff0fAPzDdSMU/1c/yNC7LNIJx0BsYoJoszcC+vnVyo1no= |
|       6 | organicfrog759  | Gavin      | Price     | vault:v1:LOJAibVMBbagasMkCvmpdd1ss5R7LTPkShBMfvh/kDye7oxa         | Minnesota   | United States | 25360    | vault:v1:2rY9H15ejMXdumgpOxJXgjXbwoN9U8gk/+Xk+2otKhVV/23zTvxfDctxAXWUXOvsqcsM         |
|       7 | smallostrich963 | Kurt       | May       | vault:v1:CYLkwI2lIQ/dYcMEUhd/cwAxwwFXwS8/k//KSUu+xIQh2kDp         | Minnesota   | United States | 97820    | vault:v1:uC8rNyb8ju++0bhC6jQdYIct7j2OYeX58TqsVMmI/e7aNL2Oe76ruJ1IVgSk7u2a             |
|       8 | lazyostrich623  | Kristen    | King      | vault:v1:DsafGtaKOeM6qeruDB2Tl6YcV1xjgjsi3HyDigUVFYjzbmI=         | Mississippi | United States | 28583    | vault:v1:01ZXSUMIJUFx2u7ftgl+8tsfNmU1x89h9i5DUY+SiJ2vry+6ne8O0gELG4wE50XZzide3Q==     |
|       9 | angryzebra522   | Robert     | Williams  | vault:v1:+I4mFByIoEzQs2ZqYTK/OlsT14S1bo5F6cpRVukBNxhr04jAQ/BU     | Alaska      | United States | 90033    | vault:v1:lszAwKpWp6ij+dILeybir/Enoge3ArsIUh1bHNl+CqHn2RzhcTNJrr6ZoqG8YQvxQWJ+DiU9Qw== |
|      10 | blueleopard693  | Morris     | Rivera    | vault:v1:vuy1qNHQdLjaCB0tqUOCv3NMbr0Leep0B/5pXgpdGJw=             | Alabama     | United States | 11206    | vault:v1:qSuvWlyb6Ik/gY1t+Z23BBfT8KbVN6RxehOfSRDop9fymAS25X9BH3ljLUvmmow6cusqpyw=     |
+---------+-----------------+------------+-----------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+---------------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    The results display 10 rows that match this query. The city field is encrypted with the Vault transit key.

  5. Drop the connection to the database.

    $ exit

    The application used the Vault server through the application token to encrypt these fields.

Rotate the encryption key

(Persona: security engineer)

The encryption key my_app_key can be rotated.

  1. Rotate the my_app_key transit key.

    $ vault write -f transit/keys/my_app_key/rotate

Success! Data written to: transit/keys/my_app_key/rotate

  2. Display information about the my_app_key transit key.

    $ vault read transit/keys/my_app_key

Key                       Value
---                       -----
allow_plaintext_backup    false
deletion_allowed          false
derived                   false
exportable                false
keys                      map[1:1543528755 2:1543528986]
latest_version            2
min_available_version     0
min_decryption_version    1
min_encryption_version    0
name                      my_app_key
supports_decryption       true
supports_derivation       true
supports_encryption       true
supports_signing          false
type                      aes256-gcm96

    The output displays that this transit key has two versions.

Programmatically re-wrap the data

(Persona: app)

The application's database contains fields encrypted with the first version of the transit key.

  1. Run the application again to re-wrap the encrypted fields.

    $ VAULT_TOKEN=$APP_TOKEN \
    VAULT_ADDR=$VAULT_ADDR \
    VAULT_TRANSIT_KEY=my_app_key \
    SHOULD_SEED_USERS=true \
    dotnet run

    Example output:

    Connecting to Vault server...
Created (if not exist) my_app DB
Create (if not exist) user_data table
Seeded the database...
Current Key Version: 2
Found 3500 records to rewrap.
Wrapped another 10 records: 10 so far...
Wrapped another 10 records: 20 so far...
Wrapped another 10 records: 30 so far...
...

    The application finishes after it re-wraps the encrypted fields in the existing entries.

  2. Connect to the database with the root credentials.

    $ docker exec -it mysql-rewrap mysql -uroot -proot

  3. Within the mysql shell, connect to the my_app table.

    $ CONNECT my_app;

  4. Within the mysql shell, display 10 rows from the user_data table where the city starts with a Vault transit key version v1.

    $ SELECT * FROM user_data WHERE city LIKE "vault:v1%" limit 10;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

    The results of this query are an empty set.

  5. Within the mysql shell, display 10 rows from the user_data table where the city starts with a Vault transit key version v2.

    $ SELECT * FROM user_data WHERE city LIKE "vault:v2%" limit 10;

+---------+---------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| user_id | user_name     | first_name | last_name | city                                                                  | state         | country       | postcode | email                                                                                 |
+---------+---------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       1 | sadbird321    | Steven     | Armstrong | vault:v2:ImEDuJXesH0dN7pWwgTQ1Fnhv/w8HrA9lN4o3ct7+qj0SRNXMfc=         | Utah          | United States | 48605    | vault:v2:HDFbwc365OALVRd+jEIGL4leGIAqAWBBTnvXnBxiLiJx/yUoJxU5FdnllIClNzFoqTbuqoNugJ0= |
|       2 | lazycat275    | Leah       | Mendoza   | vault:v2:fUK7ca8n/Ji2WfZJR+2YgDI0aQf3+7kIKBLUnOqoyjEQ2NSRWg==         | Iowa          | United States | 54102    | vault:v2:HqkEwJqsGbmFstQ7vRriWf3qrgLGgIgdmS4ubIti079xILbOvbi6qGJkLFBj6H3ulwzmWQ==     |
|       3 | bigwolf912    | Dean       | Henry     | vault:v2:/mpTDv+Q/NuAfJlS0oeUIXIOfgztr9GapAGsW2m2iXEZoE5nnw==         | Ohio          | United States | 49932    | vault:v2:qbGXgUj4SYPNsXF8jG5jCIhh6SJOFbDFqaBSV3hMB+B7k0UQMxkVlBTOnYgo3rmVh2M=         |
...
10 rows in set (0.00 sec)

    The results display 10 rows that match this query. The city field is encrypted with the second version of the Vault transit key.

  6. Drop the connection to the database.

    $ exit

Clean up

  1. Stop and remove the MySQL container.

    $ docker rm mysql-rewrap --force

  2. Remove the rewrap-data directory

    $ rm -rf ~/rewrap-data

  3. Remove the local git repository

    $ cd .. && rm -rf learn-vault-eaas-transit-rewrap

Conclusion

An application similar to this could be scheduled via cron, run periodically as a Nomad batch job, or executed in a variety of other ways. You could also modify it to re-wrap a limited number of records at a time so as to not put undue strain on the database. The final implementation should be based upon the needs and design goals specific to each organization or application.

Help and Reference

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Encryption as a service

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Encrypt Spring app data

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    Integrate your applications with Vault using Vault API, client library, or external tools.
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